Application of problem tree analysis (PTA) and logic model in conceptualising post conservation evaluation (PCE) for heritage building maintenance in Malaysia
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Published:
Dec 31, 2022
Keywords:
Evaluation, Heritage conservation, Logic model, Maintenance, Post conservation evaluation (PCE), Problem tree analysis (PTA)
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Abstract
A theoretical gap in the area of conservation management in terms of leveraging evaluation practice to built heritage conservation has been identified. Sensitising this shortage, review made in this conceptual paper is basically to introduce Post Conservation Evaluation (PCE) devoted to evaluate maintenance at public heritage museums in the UNESCO Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca aiming in developing and integrating the agenda of evaluation in the existing local conservation framework. Accordingly, elaboration of maintenance as the PCE subject of concern and the pertaining theories within evaluation field will be provided herein. In particular, this paper will present on document analysis made on the Draft of Special Area Plan (SAP) of Melaka and George Town, through the employment of Problem Tree Analysis (PTA) in the quest to identify on the causal, core, and consequent problems affecting built heritage conservation within the research locale. Finally, the use of Logic Model as a conceptual framework will be demonstrated to derive on strategies required prior developing PCE measures.
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Aziz, Muhammad Firzan bin Abdul, and Wong Lai Kee. 2022. “Application of Problem Tree Analysis (PTA) and Logic Model in Conceptualising Post Conservation Evaluation (PCE) for Heritage Building Maintenance in Malaysia”. ARTEKS : Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur 7 (3), 301-14. https://doi.org/10.30822/arteks.v7i3.1227.
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ARTICLES-RESEARCH
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References
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Coll and McCarthy Architects. 1998. ‘Maintenance Matters: Maintenance and Minor Works in Primary Schools. A Manual for Boards of Management’. Republic of Ireland.
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ICOMO. 1992. ‘The Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Heritage Value’. New Zealand.
ICOMOS. 1964. ‘The International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites’. Venice, Italy.
———. 1981. ‘Historic Gardens’. The Florence.
———. 1994. ‘Nara Document on Authenticity’. Japan.
———. 1999. ‘The Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance’. Australia.
———. 2010. ‘ICOMOS New Zealand Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Heritage Value’. New Zealand.
Idrus, Arazi, Faris Khamidi, and Mahmoud Sodangi. 2010. ‘Maintenance Management Framework for Conservation of Heritage Buildings in Malaysia’. Modern Applied Science 4 (11). https://doi.org/10.5539/mas.v4n11p66.
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Kerr Semple, J. 1985. ‘The Conservation Plan: A Guide to the Preparation of Conservation Plans for Places of European Significance’. Australia.
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Leaman, Adrian, Fionn Stevenson, and Bill Bordass. 2010. ‘Building Evaluation: Practice and Principles’. Building Research & Information 38 (5): 564–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2010.495217.
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———. 2009b. ‘Using Conceptual Models as a Planning and Evaluation Tool in Conservation’. Evaluation and Program Planning 32 (2): 138–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2008.09.007.
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Abdullah, S., and C. Ken. 2008. ‘Outsourcing in Maintenance Management’. In Facility Services Delivery. Johor: Penerbit UTM.
AJM Planning and Urban Design Group. 2011. George Town Historic Cities of the Straits Malacca Special Area Plan. George Town World Heritage Incorporated. Penang, Malaysia: State Government of Penang, PLANMalaysia and George Town World Heritage Incorporated.
Alonso, I. V., and V. M. Meurs. 2012. ‘Assessing the Performance of Conservation Activities’. In Measuring Heritage Conservation Performance. Rome: ICCROM.
Austrian Development Agency. 2009. ‘Guidelines for Project and Programme Evaluations’. Vienna. https://www.oecd.org/development/evaluation/dcdndep/47069197.pdf.
Babor, Dan, and Diana Plian. 2008. ‘Maintenance Planning for Historic Buildings’. Buletinul Institutului Politehnic Din Iasi 54 (58): 32–44. http://www.bipcons.ce.tuiasi.ro/Archive/122.pdf.
Bee Woon, Neo, Izran Sarrazin Mohammad, Maizan Baba, Nurul Nadiah Zainol, and Abdul Qayyum Nazri. 2015. ‘Critical Success Factors for Post Occupancy Evaluation of Building Performance: A Literature Analysis’. Jurnal Teknologi 74 (2). https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v74.4521.
Burden, E. 2004. Illustrated Dictionary of Architectural Preservation. New York: McGraw-Hill.
CeDRE International. 2014. ‘Glossary for Terms under the Integrated Results-Based Management (IRBM) System’. Malaysia.
Cedre International Official. 2015. ‘Home’. Centre for Development and Research in Evaluation, International. 2015. http://cedre.org.my/home/.
Coll and McCarthy Architects. 1998. ‘Maintenance Matters: Maintenance and Minor Works in Primary Schools. A Manual for Boards of Management’. Republic of Ireland.
Cooksy, Leslie J., Paige Gill, and P.Adam Kelly. 2001. ‘The Program Logic Model as an Integrative Framework for a Multimethod Evaluation’. Evaluation and Program Planning 24 (2): 119–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7189(01)00003-9.
Dann, N., and T. Cantell. 2008. ‘Understanding Historic Building Conservation’. In Understanding Historic Building Conservation, edited by Michael Forsyth, 184–98. United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470691823.
Darus, Zuhairuse Md, Nor Atikah Hashim, Elias Salleh, Lim Chin Haw, Abdul Khalim Abdul Rashid, and Siti Nurhidayah Abdul Manan. 2009. ‘Development of Rating System for Sustainable Building in Malaysia’. WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development 5 (3): 260–72. http://www.wseas.us/e-library/transactions/environment/2009/31-565.pdf.
Davidson, E. 2005. Evaluation Methodology Basics: The Nuts and Bolts of Sound Evaluation. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States: SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452230115.
Eldiasty, Asmaa, Yasmine Sabry Hegazi, and Tamir El-Khouly. 2021. ‘Using Space Syntax and TOPSIS to Evaluate the Conservation of Urban Heritage Sites for Possible UNESCO Listing the Case Study of the Historic Centre of Rosetta, Egypt’. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 12 (4): 4233–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2021.04.017.
English Heritage. 2008. ‘Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance for the Sustainable Management of the Historic Environment’. London.
Federal Department of Town and Country Planning. 2010. ‘National Physical Plan 2’. Malaysia.
Feilden, B. 2000. Conservation of Historic Buildings. Oxford: Architectural Press.
Frey, Bruno S., and Lasse Steiner. 2011. ‘World Heritage List: Does It Make Sense?’ International Journal of Cultural Policy 17 (5): 555–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2010.541906.
Funnell, S., and P. Rogers. 2011. Purposeful Program Theory: Effective Use of Theories of Change and Logic Models. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons. https://www.betterevaluation.org/frameworks-guides/rainbow-framework/define/develop-programme-theory-theory-change.
Government of Ireland. 2007. ‘Maintenance: A Guide to the Care of Older Buildings’. Dublin, Ireland.
Groenendijk, L. 2003. Planning and Management Tools: A Reference Book. Enschede, The Netherlands: ITC.
Gu, Xinyan, Kangning Xiong, Juan Zhang, and Hu Chen. 2022. ‘A Comprehensive Analysis on Integrity Conservation of World Natural Heritage Site and Buffer Zone Tourism Development with an Implication for Karst Heritage Sites’. Geoheritage 15 (1): 8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-022-00779-5.
Hashim, Norshila Binti Ibdni, and Md. Azree Othuman Mydin. 2012. ‘Maintenance Management System of Administration Heritage Buildings in Malaysia’. Annals of the Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara 10 (3): 475. https://annals.fih.upt.ro/pdf-full/2012/ANNALS-2012-3-82.pdf.
Howe, C., and E. J. Milner-Gulland. 2012. ‘The View from the Office Is Not All Bad: Conservation Evaluation as a “Sexy” Research Goal’. Animal Conservation 15 (3): 231–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2012.00563.x.
ICOMO. 1992. ‘The Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Heritage Value’. New Zealand.
ICOMOS. 1964. ‘The International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites’. Venice, Italy.
———. 1981. ‘Historic Gardens’. The Florence.
———. 1994. ‘Nara Document on Authenticity’. Japan.
———. 1999. ‘The Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance’. Australia.
———. 2010. ‘ICOMOS New Zealand Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Heritage Value’. New Zealand.
Idrus, Arazi, Faris Khamidi, and Mahmoud Sodangi. 2010. ‘Maintenance Management Framework for Conservation of Heritage Buildings in Malaysia’. Modern Applied Science 4 (11). https://doi.org/10.5539/mas.v4n11p66.
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC). 2020. ‘Project/Programme Planning Guidance Manual’. https://preparecenter.org/sites/default/files/ppp-guidance-manual-english.pdf.
Kamal, K. S., L. Ab Wahab, and A. Ahmad. 2008. ‘Pilot Survey on the Conservation of Historical Buildings in Malaysia’. In 2nd International Conference on Built Environment in Developing Countries, 104–15. Penang, Malaysia: School of Housing Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Kaplan, Sue A., and Katherine E. Garrett. 2005. ‘The Use of Logic Models by Community-Based Initiatives’. Evaluation and Program Planning 28 (2): 167–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2004.09.002.
Kerr Semple, J. 1985. ‘The Conservation Plan: A Guide to the Preparation of Conservation Plans for Places of European Significance’. Australia.
Kleiman, Devra G., Richard P. Reading, Brian J. Miller, Tim W. Clark, J. Michael Scott, John Robinson, Richard L. Wallace, Robert J. Cabin, and Fred Felleman. 2000. ‘Improving the Evaluation of Conservation Programs’. Conservation Biology 14 (2): 356–65. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98553.x.
Lateef, Olanrewaju Abdul. 2009. ‘Building Maintenance Management in Malaysia’. Journal of Building Appraisal 4 (3): 207–14. https://doi.org/10.1057/jba.2008.27.
Leaman, Adrian, Fionn Stevenson, and Bill Bordass. 2010. ‘Building Evaluation: Practice and Principles’. Building Research & Information 38 (5): 564–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2010.495217.
Maghsoodi Tilaki, Mohammad Javad, Aldrin Abdullah, Azizi Bahauddin, and Massoomeh Hedayati Marzbali. 2014. ‘The Necessity of Increasing Livability for George Town World Heritage Site: An Analytical Review’. Modern Applied Science 8 (1). https://doi.org/10.5539/mas.v8n1p123.
Malaysian Evaluation Society. 2015. ‘Home’. Malaysian Evaluation Society (MES). 2015. http://mes.org.my/home/.
Margoluis, Richard, Caroline Stem, Nick Salafsky, and Marcia Brown. 2009a. ‘Design Alternatives for Evaluating the Impact of Conservation Projects’. New Directions for Evaluation 2009 (122): 85–96. https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.298.
———. 2009b. ‘Using Conceptual Models as a Planning and Evaluation Tool in Conservation’. Evaluation and Program Planning 32 (2): 138–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2008.09.007.
MD Darus, Ar Zuhairuse, and Nor Atikah. 2012. ‘Sustainable Building in Malaysia: The Development of Sustainable Building Rating System’. In Sustainable Development - Education, Business and Management - Architecture and Building Construction - Agriculture and Food Security. InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/27624.
Megahed, Naglaa. 2014. ‘Heritage-Based Sustainability in Port Said: Classification of Styles and Future Development’. International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR 8 (1): 94. https://doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v8i1.299.
MOF. 2014. ‘2016 Estimated Federal Expenditure’. Official Portal of Minsitry of Finance Malaysia. 2014.
Mohamad, Syed Burhanuddin Hilmi Syed, Zainal Abidin Akasah, and Mohammad Ashraf Abdul Rahman. 2013. Factors Contributing to Building Maintenance Performance of Heritage Buildings. InCIEC, Singapore: Springer Singapore.
Mohd-Isa, A.F., Z. Zainal-Abidin, and A.E Hashim. 2011. ‘Built Heritage Maintenance: A Malaysian Perspectives’. Procedia Engineering 20: 213–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.158.
Morris, W. 1877. The SPAB Manifesto. London: SPAB.
Nielson, K. J., and D. A. Taylor. 2002. Interiors: An Introduction. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Olanrewaju, Abdul Lateef, and Abdul-Rashid Abdul-Aziz. 2015. ‘Building Maintenance Processes, Principles, Procedures, Practices and Strategies’. In Building Maintenance Processes and Practices, 79–129. Singapore: Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-263-0_5.
Omar, Shida Irwana, Masitah Muhibudin, Izatul Yussof, Mohd Fauzi Sukiman, and Badaruddin Mohamed. 2013. ‘George Town, Penang as a World Heritage Site: The Stakeholders’ Perceptions’. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 91 (October): 88–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.405.
Openshaw, Linda Leek, Ara Lewellen, and Cynthia Harr. 2011. ‘A Logic Model for Program Planning and Evaluation Applied to a Rural Social Work Department’. Contemporary Rural Social Work 3 (1): 40–49. http://journal.minotstateu.edu/crsw/article/viewFile/386/129.
Pendlebury, John, Michael Short, and Aidan While. 2009. ‘Urban World Heritage Sites and the Problem of Authenticity’. Cities 26 (6): 349–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2009.09.003.
Pickard, R. D. 1996. Conservation in the Built Environment. United Kingdom: Addison Wesley Longman Ltd, Essex.
Rashid, R.Abdul, and A.G. Ahmad. 2011. ‘Overview of Maintenance Approaches of Historical Buildings in Kuala Lumpur – A Current Practice’. Procedia Engineering 20: 425–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.185.
Sani, Suwaibatul Islamiah Abdullah, Abdul Hakim Mohammed, Mohd Saidin Misnan, and Mariah Awang. 2012. ‘Determinant Factors in Development of Maintenance Culture in Managing Public Asset and Facilities’. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 65 (December): 827–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.11.206.
Scriven, M. 1991. Evaluation Thesaurus. United States: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Shackley, M. 2006. Visitor Management: Case Studies from World Heritage Sites. Oxford, England: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Shamsuddin, K. 2009. ‘Physical Planning in Peninsular Malaysia’. In National Workshop on the Improved Tools and Methods to Integrate Biodiversity into Forest Planning. Kepong, Selangor: Department of Town and Country Planning Peninsular Malaysia.
Sodangi, Mahmoud, Mohd Faris Khamidi, and Arazi Idrus. 2013. ‘Towards Sustainable Heritage Building Conservation in Malaysia’. Journal of Applied Sciences & Environmental Sustainability 1 (1): 54–61.
Syed Mustapa, S., K. Kamal, M. Zaidi, and L. Abd Wahab. 2007. ‘Maintenance Approach of Historic Buildings in Malaysian Context’. Building Engineer. 2007.
Tam, Amy. 2013. ‘Enhancing Monitoring and Evaluation for Better Results’. Malaysia.
Taylor, Jonathan. 1998. ‘10 Ways to Ruin an Old Building’. Buildingconservation.Com. 1998. https://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/ten/tenways.htm.
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