The concept of in-between space in Batak Toba vernacular architecture: a content analysis study
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Published:
Apr 1, 2021
Keywords:
Batak Toba, In-between space, Space relations, Space overlap, Vernacular architecture
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Abstract
Space and architecture are two interrelated and encompassing concepts. However, space has a broad meaning in terms of location, privacy, and function such that the relationship between two spaces creates a different atmosphere and impression. A lot of studies have been conducted on space but there is no much focus on the concept of 'in-between space'. This research was, therefore, aimed at exploring in-between space in order to create a clear understanding and identify its concept in Batak Toba vernacular architecture. A content analysis method was adopted and this involves analyzing texts and images related to in-between space and Batak Toba architecture. The results showed the concept as an overlap created by two spaces in order to feel the atmosphere of both simultaneously. It was also discovered not to be a definitive space but found in the Batak Toba architecture to create a relationship between privacy, function, and environment. This means it is a key feature of the architecture and also expected to be a fundamental element in the modern Toba Batak architecture. These results are expected to serve as the basis for further in-depth research and to be applied in other ethnic architectures.
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Manurung, Parmonangan, and Diananta. 2021. “The Concept of in-Between Space in Batak Toba Vernacular Architecture: A Content Analysis Study”. ARTEKS : Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur 6 (1), 55-66. https://doi.org/10.30822/arteks.v6i1.584.
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ARTICLES-RESEARCH
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Ching, Francis D. K. 2007. Architecture: Form, Space, and Order. 3rd ed. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Collins Dictionary. n.d. ‘Definition of ’in Between’. Collins. Accessed 20 February 2020. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/in-between.
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Dayaratne, Ranjith. 2018. ‘Toward Sustainable Development: Lessons from Vernacular Settlements of Sri Lanka’. Frontiers of Architectural Research 7 (3): 334–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2018.04.002.
Duriau, Vincent J., Rhonda K. Reger, and Michael D. Pfarrer. 2007. ‘A Content Analysis of the Content Analysis Literature in Organization Studies: Research Themes, Data Sources, and Methodological Refinements’. Organizational Research Methods 10 (1): 5–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428106289252.
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Hatta, Asta Juliarman, and Iwan Sudrajat. 2020. ‘Peran Sanro Bola Dalam Tradisi Membangun Rumah Tradisional Bugis Di Kabupaten Soppeng’. ARTEKS : Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur 5 (1): 57–66. https://doi.org/10.30822/arteks.v5i1.119.
Hertzberger, Herman. 2005. Lessons for Students in Architecture. Rotterdam: 010 Publisher.
Huang, Jiayu, Suguru Mori, and Rie Nomura. 2019. ‘Territorial Cognition, Behavior, and Space of Residents: A Comparative Study of Territoriality between Open and Gated Housing Blocks; a Case Study of Changchun, China’. Sustainability 11 (8): 2332. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11082332.
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Krippendorff, Klaus. 2013. Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. 3rd ed. California: SAGE.
Leite, Bárbara. 2017. ‘Threshold and Mediation Devices in the Domestic Space Approach’. In Utopia(s) – Worlds and Frontiers of the Imaginary, edited by Maria do Rosário Monteiro, Mário S. Ming Kong, and Maria João Pereira Neto, 83–86. London: CRS Press, Taylor & Franis Group.
Li, Guo, and Wenmin Hu. 2019. ‘A Network-Based Approach for Landscape Integration of Traditional Settlements: A Case Study in the Wuling Mountain Area, Southwestern China’. Land Use Policy 83 (April): 105–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.01.043.
Manurung, Parmonangan. 2016. ‘Considering the Elderly’S Needs in Developing Nursing Home Design’. DIMENSI (Journal of Architecture and Built Environment) 43 (1). https://doi.org/10.9744/dimensi.43.1.9-14.
———. 2017. ‘Daylighting and Architectural Concept of Traditional Architecture: The Tongkonan in Toraja, Indonesia’. A/Z : ITU Journal of Faculty of Architecture 14 (1): 111–26. https://doi.org/10.5505/itujfa.2017.65487.
———. 2018. ‘Dampak Pelestarian Arsitektur Tradisional Terhadap Pengembangan Desa Wisata’. In Simposium Nasional RAPI XVII‐2018 FT UMS, 9–13. Surakarta: Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. https://publikasiilmiah.ums.ac.id/bitstream/handle/11617/10618/paper_A_06.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
Meiss, Pierre von. 2013. Elements of Architecture: From Form to Place + Tectonics. 2nd ed. Lausanne: EPFL Press.
Michiani, Meidwinna Vania, and Junichiro Asano. 2016. ‘Influence of Inhabitant Background on the Physical Changes of Banjarese Houses: A Case Study in Kuin Utara Settlement, Banjarmasin, Indonesia’. Frontiers of Architectural Research 5 (4): 412–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2016.09.005.
Na’im, Akhsan, and Hendry Syaputra. 2012. Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama, Dan Bahasa Sehari-Hari Penduduk Indonesia: Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik. https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2012/05/23/55eca38b7fe0830834605b35/kewarganegaraan-suku-bangsa-agama-dan-bahasa-sehari-hari-penduduk-indonesia.htm.
Namazian, Ali, and Armin Mehdipour. 2013. ‘Psychological Demands of the Built Environment, Privacy, Personal Space and Territory in Architecture’. International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences 3 (4): 109–13. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ijpbs.20130304.04.
Napitupulu, S. P., Jintar Manurung, Mardyan Ginting, H. Sirait, and T. Silalahi. 1997. Arsitektur Tradisional Daerah Sumatera Utara. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan RI.
Osorio, Emil. 2012. ‘In-Between Spaces in Antofagasta: Relationship of Architecture with its Context’. AUS, no. 12: 10–13. https://doi.org/10.4206/aus.2012.n12-03.
Pilgrim, Richard B. 1995. ‘Intervals (Ma) in Space and Time: Foundations for a Religio-Aesthetic Paradigm in Japan’. In Japan in Traditional and Postmodern Perspectives, edited by Charles Wei-hsun Fu and Steven Heine, 55–80. Albany: State University of New York Press.
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Rashid, Mamun, and Dilshad Rahat Ara. 2015. ‘Modernity in Tradition: Reflections on Building Design and Technology in the Asian Vernacular’. Frontiers of Architectural Research 4 (1): 46–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2014.11.001.
Robock, Alan, Caspar M. Ammann, Luke Oman, Drew Shindell, Samuel Levis, and Georgiy Stenchikov. 2009. ‘Did the Toba Volcanic Eruption of ∼74 Ka B.P. Produce Widespread Glaciation?’ Journal of Geophysical Research 114 (D10): D10107. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011652.
Schreier, Margrit. 2012. Qualitative Content Analysis in Practice. London: SAGE Publications, Ltd.
Setiawan, Dedi, and Tin Budi Utami. 2016. ‘Tipologi Perubahan Elemen Fasad Bangunan Ruko Pada Penggal Jalan Puri Indah, Jakarta Barat’. Vitruvian : Jurnal Arsitektur, Bangunan, Dan Lingkungan 6 (1): 15–24. https://publikasi.mercubuana.ac.id/index.php/virtuvian/article/view/975/756.
Setiawan, Taufiqurrahman. 2010. ‘Bentuk Adaptasi Lingkungan Pada Permukiman Tradisional Di Danau Toba’. Berkala Arkeologi Sangkhakala 13 (25): 145–53. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24832/bas.v13i25.196.
Shahlaei, Alireza, and Marzieh Mohajeri. 2015. ‘In-Between Space, Dialectic of Inside and Outside in Architecture’. International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development 5 (3): 73–80. https://ijaud.srbiau.ac.ir/article_8548.html.
Siahaan, Bisuk. 2005. Batak Toba: Kehidupan Di Balik Tembok Bambu. Jakarta: Kempala Foundation.
Smith, Eugene I., Zenobia Jacobs, Racheal Johnsen, Minghua Ren, Erich C. Fisher, Simen Oestmo, Jayne Wilkins, et al. 2018. ‘Humans Thrived in South Africa through the Toba Eruption about 74,000 Years Ago’. Nature 555 (7697): 511–15. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25967.
Sudaryono. 2006. ‘Paradigma Lokalisme Dalam Perencanaan Spasial’. Journal of Regional and City Planning 17 (1): 28–38. https://journals.itb.ac.id/index.php/jpwk/article/view/4232.
Vegas, Fernando, Camilla Mileto, Juan Maria Songel, and Juan Fco. Noguera. 2014. ‘In-Between Spaces, Borderline Places’. In Versus: Heritage for Tomorrow, Vernacular Knowledge for Sustainable Architecture, edited by Mariana Correia, Letizia Dipasquale, and Saverio Mecca, 188–200. Firenze: Firenze University Press.
Widhijanto, Andreas Agung, and Esti Yulitriani Tisnaningtyas. 2018. ‘Identifikasi Kawasan Permukiman Pendukung - Analisis Proximity Pengembangan Destinasi Wisata Danau Toba’. Neo Teknika : Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi 4 (1): 11–19. http://jurnal.unpand.ac.id/index.php/NT/article/view/1062/1037.
Wilson, Colin St John. 2014. Architectural Reflections: Studies in the Philosophy and Practice of Architecture. Oxford, England: Butterworth Architecture.
Wiryomartono, Bagoes. 2020. Traditions and Transformations of Habitation in Indonesia Power, Architecture, and Urbanism. Singapore: Springer.
Wuisman, Jan. J. J. M. 2009. ‘Masa Lalu Dan Masa Kini: Posisi Dan Peran Tradisi-Tradisi Vernakular Indonesia Dan Langgam Bangunan Masa Lalu Dan Masa Kini’. In Masa Lalu Dalam Masa Kini Arsitektur Di Indonesia, edited by Peter J. M. Nas, 25–47. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Atik, Damla, and Nevnihal Erdoğan. 2017. ‘A Model Suggestion for Determining Physical and Socio-Cultural Changes of Traditional Settlements in Turkey’. A/Z : ITU Journal of Faculty of Architecture 14 (2): 81–93. https://doi.org/10.5505/itujfa.2017.62534.
Bielefeld, Bert. 2018. Spaces in Architecture: Areas, Distances, Dimensions. Basel: Birkhauser-Publisher for Architecture.
Blinkhorn, J., A.G. Parker, P. Ditchfield, M. Haslam, and M. Petraglia. 2012. ‘Uncovering a Landscape Buried by the Super-Eruption of Toba, 74,000 Years Ago: A Multi-Proxy Environmental Reconstruction of Landscape Heterogeneity in the Jurreru Valley, South India’. Quaternary International 258 (May): 135–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2011.12.008.
Cambridge Dictionary. n.d. ‘Meaning of In-between in English’. Cambridge. Accessed 20 February 2020. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/in-between.
Can, Işın, and Tim Heath. 2016. ‘In-between Spaces and Social Interaction: A Morphological Analysis of Izmir Using Space Syntax’. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 31 (1): 31–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-015-9442-9.
Ching, Francis D. K. 2007. Architecture: Form, Space, and Order. 3rd ed. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Collins Dictionary. n.d. ‘Definition of ’in Between’. Collins. Accessed 20 February 2020. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/in-between.
Costa, Antonio, Victoria C. Smith, Giovanni Macedonio, and Naomi E. Matthews. 2014. ‘The Magnitude and Impact of the Youngest Toba Tuff Super-Eruption’. Frontiers in Earth Science 2 (August). https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2014.00016.
Dayaratne, Ranjith. 2018. ‘Toward Sustainable Development: Lessons from Vernacular Settlements of Sri Lanka’. Frontiers of Architectural Research 7 (3): 334–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2018.04.002.
Duriau, Vincent J., Rhonda K. Reger, and Michael D. Pfarrer. 2007. ‘A Content Analysis of the Content Analysis Literature in Organization Studies: Research Themes, Data Sources, and Methodological Refinements’. Organizational Research Methods 10 (1): 5–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428106289252.
Farrelly, Lorraine. 2012. The Fundamentals of Architecture. 2nd ed. Switzerland: AVA Publishing SA.
Gomez, Alberto Perez. 2006. ‘The Space of Architecture: Meaning as Presence and Presentation’. In Questions of Perception: Phenomenology of Architecture, edited by Steven Holl, Juhani Pallasmaa, and Alberto Perez Gomez, 2nd ed., 7–25. San Francisco: William Stout Publishers.
Hanan, Himasari. 2012. ‘Modernization and Cultural Transformation: The Expansion of Traditional Batak Toba House in Huta Siallagan’. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 50: 800–811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.08.082.
Hanan, Himasari, and Fitri Meisyara. 2017. ‘Lesson Learned from the Transformation Process of Toba Batak Villages Meisyara Lesson Learned from the Transformation Process of Toba Batak Villages’. Journal of Comparative Cultural Studies in Architecture 10: 35–41.
Hatta, Asta Juliarman, and Iwan Sudrajat. 2020. ‘Peran Sanro Bola Dalam Tradisi Membangun Rumah Tradisional Bugis Di Kabupaten Soppeng’. ARTEKS : Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur 5 (1): 57–66. https://doi.org/10.30822/arteks.v5i1.119.
Hertzberger, Herman. 2005. Lessons for Students in Architecture. Rotterdam: 010 Publisher.
Huang, Jiayu, Suguru Mori, and Rie Nomura. 2019. ‘Territorial Cognition, Behavior, and Space of Residents: A Comparative Study of Territoriality between Open and Gated Housing Blocks; a Case Study of Changchun, China’. Sustainability 11 (8): 2332. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11082332.
Khatimah, Husnul. 2013. ‘Kajian Kesesuaian Pembangunan Ruko Terhadap Kebutuhan Pasar Di Kota Mataram’. JURNAL PEMBANGUNAN WILAYAH & KOTA 9 (3): 271. https://doi.org/10.14710/pwk.v9i3.6539.
Koentjaraningrat. 2000. Kebudayaan, Mentalitas Dan Pembangunan. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Krippendorff, Klaus. 2013. Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. 3rd ed. California: SAGE.
Leite, Bárbara. 2017. ‘Threshold and Mediation Devices in the Domestic Space Approach’. In Utopia(s) – Worlds and Frontiers of the Imaginary, edited by Maria do Rosário Monteiro, Mário S. Ming Kong, and Maria João Pereira Neto, 83–86. London: CRS Press, Taylor & Franis Group.
Li, Guo, and Wenmin Hu. 2019. ‘A Network-Based Approach for Landscape Integration of Traditional Settlements: A Case Study in the Wuling Mountain Area, Southwestern China’. Land Use Policy 83 (April): 105–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.01.043.
Manurung, Parmonangan. 2016. ‘Considering the Elderly’S Needs in Developing Nursing Home Design’. DIMENSI (Journal of Architecture and Built Environment) 43 (1). https://doi.org/10.9744/dimensi.43.1.9-14.
———. 2017. ‘Daylighting and Architectural Concept of Traditional Architecture: The Tongkonan in Toraja, Indonesia’. A/Z : ITU Journal of Faculty of Architecture 14 (1): 111–26. https://doi.org/10.5505/itujfa.2017.65487.
———. 2018. ‘Dampak Pelestarian Arsitektur Tradisional Terhadap Pengembangan Desa Wisata’. In Simposium Nasional RAPI XVII‐2018 FT UMS, 9–13. Surakarta: Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. https://publikasiilmiah.ums.ac.id/bitstream/handle/11617/10618/paper_A_06.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
Meiss, Pierre von. 2013. Elements of Architecture: From Form to Place + Tectonics. 2nd ed. Lausanne: EPFL Press.
Michiani, Meidwinna Vania, and Junichiro Asano. 2016. ‘Influence of Inhabitant Background on the Physical Changes of Banjarese Houses: A Case Study in Kuin Utara Settlement, Banjarmasin, Indonesia’. Frontiers of Architectural Research 5 (4): 412–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2016.09.005.
Na’im, Akhsan, and Hendry Syaputra. 2012. Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama, Dan Bahasa Sehari-Hari Penduduk Indonesia: Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik. https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2012/05/23/55eca38b7fe0830834605b35/kewarganegaraan-suku-bangsa-agama-dan-bahasa-sehari-hari-penduduk-indonesia.htm.
Namazian, Ali, and Armin Mehdipour. 2013. ‘Psychological Demands of the Built Environment, Privacy, Personal Space and Territory in Architecture’. International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences 3 (4): 109–13. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ijpbs.20130304.04.
Napitupulu, S. P., Jintar Manurung, Mardyan Ginting, H. Sirait, and T. Silalahi. 1997. Arsitektur Tradisional Daerah Sumatera Utara. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan RI.
Osorio, Emil. 2012. ‘In-Between Spaces in Antofagasta: Relationship of Architecture with its Context’. AUS, no. 12: 10–13. https://doi.org/10.4206/aus.2012.n12-03.
Pilgrim, Richard B. 1995. ‘Intervals (Ma) in Space and Time: Foundations for a Religio-Aesthetic Paradigm in Japan’. In Japan in Traditional and Postmodern Perspectives, edited by Charles Wei-hsun Fu and Steven Heine, 55–80. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Purbadi, Yohanes Djarot, Achmad Djunaedi, and Sudaryono. 2019. ‘Kearifan Kaenbaun Sebagai Dasar Konseptual Pada Tata Spasial Arsitektur Permukiman Suku Dawan Di Desa Kaenbaun’. ARTEKS : Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur 3 (2): 215–38. https://doi.org/10.30822/arteks.v3i2.71.
Rampino, Michael R., and Stanley H. Ambrose. 2000. ‘Volcanic Winter in the Garden of Eden: The Toba Supereruption and the Late Pleistocene Human Population Crash’. In Volcanic Hazards and Disasters in Human Antiquity. Geological Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2345-0.71.
Rashid, Mamun, and Dilshad Rahat Ara. 2015. ‘Modernity in Tradition: Reflections on Building Design and Technology in the Asian Vernacular’. Frontiers of Architectural Research 4 (1): 46–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2014.11.001.
Robock, Alan, Caspar M. Ammann, Luke Oman, Drew Shindell, Samuel Levis, and Georgiy Stenchikov. 2009. ‘Did the Toba Volcanic Eruption of ∼74 Ka B.P. Produce Widespread Glaciation?’ Journal of Geophysical Research 114 (D10): D10107. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011652.
Schreier, Margrit. 2012. Qualitative Content Analysis in Practice. London: SAGE Publications, Ltd.
Setiawan, Dedi, and Tin Budi Utami. 2016. ‘Tipologi Perubahan Elemen Fasad Bangunan Ruko Pada Penggal Jalan Puri Indah, Jakarta Barat’. Vitruvian : Jurnal Arsitektur, Bangunan, Dan Lingkungan 6 (1): 15–24. https://publikasi.mercubuana.ac.id/index.php/virtuvian/article/view/975/756.
Setiawan, Taufiqurrahman. 2010. ‘Bentuk Adaptasi Lingkungan Pada Permukiman Tradisional Di Danau Toba’. Berkala Arkeologi Sangkhakala 13 (25): 145–53. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24832/bas.v13i25.196.
Shahlaei, Alireza, and Marzieh Mohajeri. 2015. ‘In-Between Space, Dialectic of Inside and Outside in Architecture’. International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development 5 (3): 73–80. https://ijaud.srbiau.ac.ir/article_8548.html.
Siahaan, Bisuk. 2005. Batak Toba: Kehidupan Di Balik Tembok Bambu. Jakarta: Kempala Foundation.
Smith, Eugene I., Zenobia Jacobs, Racheal Johnsen, Minghua Ren, Erich C. Fisher, Simen Oestmo, Jayne Wilkins, et al. 2018. ‘Humans Thrived in South Africa through the Toba Eruption about 74,000 Years Ago’. Nature 555 (7697): 511–15. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25967.
Sudaryono. 2006. ‘Paradigma Lokalisme Dalam Perencanaan Spasial’. Journal of Regional and City Planning 17 (1): 28–38. https://journals.itb.ac.id/index.php/jpwk/article/view/4232.
Vegas, Fernando, Camilla Mileto, Juan Maria Songel, and Juan Fco. Noguera. 2014. ‘In-Between Spaces, Borderline Places’. In Versus: Heritage for Tomorrow, Vernacular Knowledge for Sustainable Architecture, edited by Mariana Correia, Letizia Dipasquale, and Saverio Mecca, 188–200. Firenze: Firenze University Press.
Widhijanto, Andreas Agung, and Esti Yulitriani Tisnaningtyas. 2018. ‘Identifikasi Kawasan Permukiman Pendukung - Analisis Proximity Pengembangan Destinasi Wisata Danau Toba’. Neo Teknika : Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi 4 (1): 11–19. http://jurnal.unpand.ac.id/index.php/NT/article/view/1062/1037.
Wilson, Colin St John. 2014. Architectural Reflections: Studies in the Philosophy and Practice of Architecture. Oxford, England: Butterworth Architecture.
Wiryomartono, Bagoes. 2020. Traditions and Transformations of Habitation in Indonesia Power, Architecture, and Urbanism. Singapore: Springer.
Wuisman, Jan. J. J. M. 2009. ‘Masa Lalu Dan Masa Kini: Posisi Dan Peran Tradisi-Tradisi Vernakular Indonesia Dan Langgam Bangunan Masa Lalu Dan Masa Kini’. In Masa Lalu Dalam Masa Kini Arsitektur Di Indonesia, edited by Peter J. M. Nas, 25–47. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.