The application of the Delphi method in architectural research
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Published:
Apr 1, 2024
Keywords:
Architecture, Delphi method, Procedural implementation
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Abstract
Research in the field of architecture plays a significant role in the advancement of architectural knowledge and encourages architectural professionals to produce better architectural works. Choosing the right research methodology is essential to producing high-quality research. Research methodologies are employed to determine the best scientific strategy for testing hypotheses provided by a particular theory. Thus, selecting the right methodologies has a big impact on how well a research project turns out. However, because there is such an extensive variety of research methods accessible, researchers frequently have trouble deciding which one is best for their objectives. The objective of this study is to investigate the Delphi method, one of the methods that can be applied to architectural research. Experts on a particular topic are surveyed and their opinions are gathered using the Delphi technique. This research will explore several architectural research journals that have utilized the Delphi method, focusing on the methodology section of each study. Through this exploration, the reasons for employing the Delphi method in each research and its procedural implementation will be examined. The findings of this research can serve as a basis for consideration in selecting and appropriately utilizing the Delphi method in architectural research.
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How to Cite
Arisman, Arman, Iwan Sudradjat, and Indah Widiastuti. 2024. “The Application of the Delphi Method in Architectural Research”. ARTEKS : Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur 9 (1), 29-36. https://doi.org/10.30822/arteks.v9i1.2556.
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ARTICLES-RESEARCH
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References
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Brook, Alastair. 2020. ‘Can We Virtually Model Architectural Patterns from Stories? Exploring Possibilities to Remotely Implement a Native Research Practice’. IMADE: International Confrence on Multimedia, Architecture and Design 1.
Chan, Puthearath. 2022. ‘An Empirical Study on Data Validation Methods of Delphi and General Consensus’. Data 7 (2): 18.
Chen, Keyu. 2015. ‘A Strategic Decision Making Framework for Organisational BIM Implementation’. Cardiff University.
Chen, Ron, and Hsi Chi Yang. 2012. ‘A Study on Sustainable House Design in Lanyu’. Applied Mechanics and Materials 209–211 (October): 449–54.
Derendorf, Lisa, Stephanie Stock, Dusan Simic, and Clarissa Lemmen. 2023. ‘Developing Quality Indicators for Cross-Sectoral Psycho-Oncology in Germany: Combining the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method with a Delphi Technique.’ BMC Health Services Research 23 (559).
Essam Khamis, Noha. 2022. ‘The Delphi Method as a Morphological Catalyst for Foresight-Oriented Design Research’. DIID, no. 76 (May). https://doi.org/10.30682/diid7622j.
Foth, Thomas, Nikolaos Efstathiou, Brandi Vanderspank-Wright, Lee-Anne Ufholz, Nadin Dütthorn, Manuel Zimansky, and Susan Humphrey-Murto. 2016. ‘The Use of Delphi and Nominal Group Technique in Nursing Education: A Review’. International Journal of Nursing Studies 60 (August): 112–20.
Gerosa, Tiziano, Gianluca Argentin, and Alice Spada. 2024. ‘What Are Teacher Relational Skills? A Defining Study Using a Bottom-up Modified Delphi Method’. Quality & Quantity 58 (1): 581–602.
Goodman, Claire M. 1987. ‘The Delphi Technique: A Critique’. Journal of Advanced Nursing 12 (6): 729–34.
Hafiz, Dalia O. 2016. Improving Design Decision-Making through a Re-Representation Tool for Visual Comfort Consideration in Dynamic Daylit Spaces. Virginia Tech.
Hasson, Felicity, Sinead Keeney, and Hugh McKenna. 2000. ‘Research Guidelines for the Delphi Survey Technique’. Journal of Advanced Nursing 32 (4): 1008–15. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.t01-1-01567.x.
Ilka, Shabab, Kaveh Bazrafkan, and Hossein Soltanzadeh. 2019. ‘Analysis of Creativity in Architectural Design after the Islamic Revolution ; Case Study : The Selected Award Winning Architectural Works’. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development 12 (26): 31–49. https://doi.org/10.22034/AAUD.2019.89052.
Kumar, Parvesh. 2021. ‘Building Materials & Thermal Comfort in Rural Habitat’. Indian Institute of Technology.
Linstone, Harold A., and Murray Turoff. 2002. The Delphi Method: Techniques and Applications. New York: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.
Malkawi, Aminah Rezqallah, Muhamad Shahbani Abu Bakar, and Zulkhairi Md Dahlin. 2023. ‘Review of the Delphi Method in the Higher Educational Research’. Kongzhi Yu Juece/Control and Decision.
Meijering, Jurian Vincent, Hilde Tobi, Adri van den Brink, Fiona Morris, and Diedrich Bruns. 2015. ‘Exploring Research Priorities in Landscape Architecture: An International Delphi Study’. Landscape and Urban Planning 137 (May): 85–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.01.002.
Mozuni, Mehdi, and Wolfgang Jonas. 2017. ‘An Introduction to the Morphological Delphi Method for Design: A Tool for Future-Oriented Design Research’. She Ji: The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation 3 (4): 303–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sheji.2018.02.004.
Naji, Khalid K., Murat Gunduz, and Ayman F. Naser. 2022. ‘Construction Change Order Management Project Support System Utilizing Delphi Method’. JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 28 (7): 564–89. https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2022.17203.
Pongruengkiat, Wiwat, Korrakot Y. Tippayawong, Pruk Aggarangsi, Preda Pichayapan, Tossapon Katongtung, and Nakorn Tippayawong. 2023. ‘Applying Delphi Method to Develop Sustainable City Indicators : A Case Study of Chiang Mai, Thailand’. TeMa: Territorio Mobilità e Ambiente 16 (1): 165. https://doi.org/10.6093/1970-9870/9813.
Przybylski, Liz. 2020. Hybrid Ethnography: Online, Offline, and In Between. California: SAGE Publications Inc.
Rafizadeh, Neda. 2021. ‘Analysis of Accessibility of Green Spaces in Tehran for People with Limited Movement with an Emphasis on the Concept of Universal Design.’ Bagh-e Nazar 18 (94): 37–50.
Sherriff, Graeme. 2012. ‘CLUES to Urban Energy in the UK : Survey of Initiatives’. University of Manchester.
Skinner, Richard, R. Ryan Nelson, Wynne W. Chin, and Lesley Land. 2015. ‘The Delphi Method Research Strategy in Studies of Information Systems.’ Communications of the Association for Information Systems.
Subroto, Tarcicius Yoyok Wahyu. 2019. ‘Natural Coexsistency And Culture in Architecture’. ARTEKS : Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur 3 (2). https://doi.org/10.30822/arteks.v3i2.60.
Sudradjat, Iwan. 2020. ‘Teori Dalam Penelitian Arsitektur’. ARTEKS : Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur 5 (1): i–vi. https://doi.org/10.30822/arteks.v5i1.378.
Sumsion, Thelma. 1998. ‘The Delphi Technique: An Adaptive Research Tool’. British Journal of Occupational Therapy 61 (4): 153–56.
Tamošaitienė, Jolanta, Hadi Sarvari, Matteo Cristofaro, and Daniel W. M. Chan. 2021. ‘Identifying and Prioritizing the Selection Criteria of Appropriate Repair and Maintenance Methods for Commercial Buildings.’ International Journal of Strategic Property Management 25 (5): 413–31. https://doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2021.15225.
Widodo, Johannes. 2019. ‘Human, Nature, And Architecture’. ARTEKS : Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur 3 (2): 145–48. https://doi.org/10.30822/arteks.v3i2.65.
Zarei, Yasser. 2012. The Challenges of Parametric Design in Architecture Today: Mapping the Design Practice. ProQuest LLC (2018).
Brook, Alastair. 2020. ‘Can We Virtually Model Architectural Patterns from Stories? Exploring Possibilities to Remotely Implement a Native Research Practice’. IMADE: International Confrence on Multimedia, Architecture and Design 1.
Chan, Puthearath. 2022. ‘An Empirical Study on Data Validation Methods of Delphi and General Consensus’. Data 7 (2): 18.
Chen, Keyu. 2015. ‘A Strategic Decision Making Framework for Organisational BIM Implementation’. Cardiff University.
Chen, Ron, and Hsi Chi Yang. 2012. ‘A Study on Sustainable House Design in Lanyu’. Applied Mechanics and Materials 209–211 (October): 449–54.
Derendorf, Lisa, Stephanie Stock, Dusan Simic, and Clarissa Lemmen. 2023. ‘Developing Quality Indicators for Cross-Sectoral Psycho-Oncology in Germany: Combining the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method with a Delphi Technique.’ BMC Health Services Research 23 (559).
Essam Khamis, Noha. 2022. ‘The Delphi Method as a Morphological Catalyst for Foresight-Oriented Design Research’. DIID, no. 76 (May). https://doi.org/10.30682/diid7622j.
Foth, Thomas, Nikolaos Efstathiou, Brandi Vanderspank-Wright, Lee-Anne Ufholz, Nadin Dütthorn, Manuel Zimansky, and Susan Humphrey-Murto. 2016. ‘The Use of Delphi and Nominal Group Technique in Nursing Education: A Review’. International Journal of Nursing Studies 60 (August): 112–20.
Gerosa, Tiziano, Gianluca Argentin, and Alice Spada. 2024. ‘What Are Teacher Relational Skills? A Defining Study Using a Bottom-up Modified Delphi Method’. Quality & Quantity 58 (1): 581–602.
Goodman, Claire M. 1987. ‘The Delphi Technique: A Critique’. Journal of Advanced Nursing 12 (6): 729–34.
Hafiz, Dalia O. 2016. Improving Design Decision-Making through a Re-Representation Tool for Visual Comfort Consideration in Dynamic Daylit Spaces. Virginia Tech.
Hasson, Felicity, Sinead Keeney, and Hugh McKenna. 2000. ‘Research Guidelines for the Delphi Survey Technique’. Journal of Advanced Nursing 32 (4): 1008–15. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.t01-1-01567.x.
Ilka, Shabab, Kaveh Bazrafkan, and Hossein Soltanzadeh. 2019. ‘Analysis of Creativity in Architectural Design after the Islamic Revolution ; Case Study : The Selected Award Winning Architectural Works’. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development 12 (26): 31–49. https://doi.org/10.22034/AAUD.2019.89052.
Kumar, Parvesh. 2021. ‘Building Materials & Thermal Comfort in Rural Habitat’. Indian Institute of Technology.
Linstone, Harold A., and Murray Turoff. 2002. The Delphi Method: Techniques and Applications. New York: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.
Malkawi, Aminah Rezqallah, Muhamad Shahbani Abu Bakar, and Zulkhairi Md Dahlin. 2023. ‘Review of the Delphi Method in the Higher Educational Research’. Kongzhi Yu Juece/Control and Decision.
Meijering, Jurian Vincent, Hilde Tobi, Adri van den Brink, Fiona Morris, and Diedrich Bruns. 2015. ‘Exploring Research Priorities in Landscape Architecture: An International Delphi Study’. Landscape and Urban Planning 137 (May): 85–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.01.002.
Mozuni, Mehdi, and Wolfgang Jonas. 2017. ‘An Introduction to the Morphological Delphi Method for Design: A Tool for Future-Oriented Design Research’. She Ji: The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation 3 (4): 303–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sheji.2018.02.004.
Naji, Khalid K., Murat Gunduz, and Ayman F. Naser. 2022. ‘Construction Change Order Management Project Support System Utilizing Delphi Method’. JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 28 (7): 564–89. https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2022.17203.
Pongruengkiat, Wiwat, Korrakot Y. Tippayawong, Pruk Aggarangsi, Preda Pichayapan, Tossapon Katongtung, and Nakorn Tippayawong. 2023. ‘Applying Delphi Method to Develop Sustainable City Indicators : A Case Study of Chiang Mai, Thailand’. TeMa: Territorio Mobilità e Ambiente 16 (1): 165. https://doi.org/10.6093/1970-9870/9813.
Przybylski, Liz. 2020. Hybrid Ethnography: Online, Offline, and In Between. California: SAGE Publications Inc.
Rafizadeh, Neda. 2021. ‘Analysis of Accessibility of Green Spaces in Tehran for People with Limited Movement with an Emphasis on the Concept of Universal Design.’ Bagh-e Nazar 18 (94): 37–50.
Sherriff, Graeme. 2012. ‘CLUES to Urban Energy in the UK : Survey of Initiatives’. University of Manchester.
Skinner, Richard, R. Ryan Nelson, Wynne W. Chin, and Lesley Land. 2015. ‘The Delphi Method Research Strategy in Studies of Information Systems.’ Communications of the Association for Information Systems.
Subroto, Tarcicius Yoyok Wahyu. 2019. ‘Natural Coexsistency And Culture in Architecture’. ARTEKS : Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur 3 (2). https://doi.org/10.30822/arteks.v3i2.60.
Sudradjat, Iwan. 2020. ‘Teori Dalam Penelitian Arsitektur’. ARTEKS : Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur 5 (1): i–vi. https://doi.org/10.30822/arteks.v5i1.378.
Sumsion, Thelma. 1998. ‘The Delphi Technique: An Adaptive Research Tool’. British Journal of Occupational Therapy 61 (4): 153–56.
Tamošaitienė, Jolanta, Hadi Sarvari, Matteo Cristofaro, and Daniel W. M. Chan. 2021. ‘Identifying and Prioritizing the Selection Criteria of Appropriate Repair and Maintenance Methods for Commercial Buildings.’ International Journal of Strategic Property Management 25 (5): 413–31. https://doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2021.15225.
Widodo, Johannes. 2019. ‘Human, Nature, And Architecture’. ARTEKS : Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur 3 (2): 145–48. https://doi.org/10.30822/arteks.v3i2.65.
Zarei, Yasser. 2012. The Challenges of Parametric Design in Architecture Today: Mapping the Design Practice. ProQuest LLC (2018).